• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a length-adjustable connecting rod (1) for a reciprocating piston engine, in particular for an internal combustion engine, with at least a first rod part (2) and a second rod part (4), which two rod parts (2, 4) relative to each other via a helical gear (6). in the direction of the longitudinal axis (1a) of the connecting rod (1) are displaceable, wherein the helical gear (6) at least a first gear part (7) and with the first gear part (7) in engagement second gear part (8), wherein the first Gear part (7) as a spindle nut (9) or threaded spindle (10) and the second gear part (8) as a threaded spindle (10) or as a spindle nut (9) is formed. In the simplest possible way to allow a change in the compression ratio in a reciprocating engine, it is provided that the helical gear (6) via at least one at least one vibrating element (21) having actuator (20) is actuated, wherein the vibrating element (21) about an axis of rotation ( 21a) is rotatably mounted in the first rod part (2) and wherein the oscillating element (21) with the first gear part (7) is drehverbindbar.
    公开号:AT517100A4
    申请号:T50723/2015
    申请日:2015-08-14
    公开日:2016-11-15
    发明作者:Helmut Dipl Ing Melde-Tuczai；Bernhard Hödl；Hubert Andreas Huemer
    申请人:Avl List Gmbh；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    The invention relates to a length-adjustable connecting rod for a reciprocating engine, in particular for an internal combustion engine, with at least a first rod part and a second rod part, which two rod parts helical gear in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the connecting rod are displaceable, wherein the helical gear at least a first gear part and one with the Having the first gear part engaged second gear part, wherein the first gear part is designed as a threaded spindle or as a spindle nut and the second gear part as a spindle nut or threaded spindle.
    From the documents WO 06/115898 A1, US Pat. No. 5,406,911 A, GB 441 666 A it is known to adjust the length of connecting rods mechanically by means of a helical gear. In each case, the piston is rotated via its toothed piston skirt or via a thread in the region of the piston skirt.
    Furthermore, it is known from DE 42 26 361 Al an internal combustion engine with adjustable compression, in which the end position of the piston is variable. The change of the piston is achieved by an adjustable crankshaft bearing or by an adjustable Hubzapfenlager, wherein the adjustment is effected by an eccentric having at least one radially projecting piston which is hydraulically displaceable in a radial extension of the eccentric disc bearing.
    The object of the invention is to allow the simplest possible way a change in the compression ratio in a reciprocating engine.
    According to the invention this is achieved in that the helical gear can be actuated via at least one actuator having at least one vibrating element, wherein the vibrating element is rotatably mounted about an axis of rotation in the first rod part and wherein the vibrating element with the first gear part is drehverbindbar.
    The operation of the helical gear is effected by the inertia of the vibrating element, whose center of gravity is preferably formed eccentrically with respect to the axis of rotation.
    During a crankshaft revolution, the oscillating element experiences alternating acceleration forces, which cause the oscillating element to be rotated around the axis of rotation as a consequence of the mass inertia. The rotation of the oscillating element about the axis of rotation is used to rotate the spindle nut or the threaded spindle and thus to lengthen or shorten the connecting rod.
    The axis of rotation of the vibrating element is favorably formed coaxially with the longitudinal axis of the connecting rod.
    In order to be able to effect a shortening or an extension of the connecting rod, in a preferred embodiment of the invention it is provided that the oscillating element is rotatably connectable to the first gear part via at least one first mechanical coupling element, wherein preferably the first mechanical coupling element is formed by a first freewheel device, which produces in a first direction of rotation of the oscillating element, the rotational connection to the first gear part and interrupts in a first direction of rotation opposite to the second direction of rotation. By the freewheel device, the adjustment of the connecting rod is predetermined due to the movement of the vibrating element.
    In order to allow in the opposite direction, an adjustment of the connecting rod by the rotation of the vibrating element is provided in a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention that the vibrating element via at least one second mechanical coupling element with the first transmission part is drehverbindbar, preferably the second mechanical coupling element a second freewheel device is formed, which in a second direction of rotation of the oscillating element produces the rotary connection to the first gear part and interrupts in a direction of rotation of the second opposite direction. Thus, the movement of the vibrating element can be used both for an extension, as well as for a shortening of the connecting rod.
    The first free coupling and the second freewheel device can be designed as mirror-symmetrical components or to mirror-symmetrical components - be assembled with the same components.
    For connection to the coupling elements, the oscillating element preferably has on its substantially cylindrical outer periphery an external toothing which corresponds to a first or second internal toothing arranged on an inner circumference of the first and / or second coupling element. The torque of the vibrating element is transmitted via the external or internal toothing to the respective coupling element.
    In a very compact embodiment of the invention, it is provided that at least one coupling element has an inner ring carrying the first or second toothing and an outer ring which is non-rotatably connected to the first gear element, wherein inner ring and outer ring relative to each other in the first and second rotational direction are rotatably mounted, wherein preferably the outer rings of the two coupling elements are rotatably connected with each other.
    In order to selectively initiate a shortening or lengthening of the connecting rod, it is particularly advantageous if the oscillating element is displaceably mounted in the direction of its axis of rotation, wherein preferably the outer toothing of the oscillating element can be brought into meshing engagement with the first internal toothing or the second internal toothing by axially displacing the vibrating element is.
    To move the piston and thus the vibrating element axially, a variety of actuation mechanisms can be used. A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention provides for the displacement of the vibrating element that the actuator has a connected to the vibrating element on an end face or integrally formed with this piston, which adjoins a pressure chamber into which opens at least one pressure oil line, the piston - preferably against a restoring force - can be deflected by increasing the pressure in the pressure chamber. Thus, the piston and thus the vibrating element can be hydraulically deflected by increasing the pressure in the pressure chamber against the restoring force, whereby the vibrating element can be switched between the coupling elements. The pushing back of the oscillating element in the starting position is carried out by simply depressurizing the pressure chamber, whereby the return spring, which generates the restoring force, the oscillating element or the piston returns to its original position.
    In order to avoid an adjustment of the connecting rod in the direction of a shorter connecting rod length, in particular in the case of a cold start of the internal combustion engine, it is advantageous if a temperature-sensitive flow control element is arranged in the pressure oil line.
    The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the non-limiting figures.
    Show it
    1 is a connecting rod according to the invention in a longitudinal section,
    2 shows an outer ring of a coupling element in a plan view,
    3 shows an inner ring of a coupling element in a plan view,
    4 shows a vibrating element in a plan view,
    5 shows a coupling part in a plan view,
    6 shows a coupling part together with a vibrating element in a plan view,
    7 shows an actuator in an exploded view,
    8 shows this actuator in an oblique view,
    9 shows a connecting rod according to the invention in a variant embodiment,
    10 shows a temperature-sensitive flow control element in a cold operating position and
    11 shows the temperature-sensitive flow control element in a warm operating position.
    Fig. 1 shows a length-adjustable connecting rod 1 for a reciprocating engine, such as an internal combustion engine.
    The connecting rod 1 has a first rod part 2 in the region of a large Pleuelauges 3 and a second rod part 4 in the region of a not further apparent small connecting rod, wherein the large connecting rod 3, a crank pin bearing for connection to a crankshaft not shown and the small connecting rod a piston pin bearing form for connection to a piston not shown.
    The two rod parts 2, 4 can be moved relative to each other in the direction of the longitudinal axis la of the connecting rod 1 via a first helical gear 6. The helical gear 6 has a first gear part 7 and a stationary with the first gear part 7 in engagement second gear part 8, wherein one of the two gear parts 7, 8 as a spindle nut 9 and the other gear part 8, 7 is formed as a threaded spindle 10. In the illustrated embodiments, the first gear part 7 is formed as a sleeve-like spindle nut 9 and the second gear part 8 as a threaded spindle 10.
    The rotatably but axially non-displaceably mounted in the guide rod 5 formed by the first rod member 2 spindle nut 9 has on its inside effective surfaces with a pitch, which are spaced from the longitudinal axis la of the connecting rod 1 and which as internal screw thread with a thread or multiple threads, or are designed as internal helical gearing. Correspondingly, the threaded spindle 10 on its outer side corresponding active surfaces with a pitch, which are spaced from the longitudinal axis la of the connecting rod 3 and which are formed as external screw thread with one thread or multiple threads, or as external helical teeth. The thread can be self-locking. The term "thread" (for example, in threaded spindle) is generally used here for both screw thread, and helical teeth and thus covers both training.
    The first gear part 7 of the screw 6 is rotatably mounted, but axially immovable in the first rod part 2. The second gear part 8 of the helical gear 6 is displaceable in the direction of the longitudinal axis la, but rotatably mounted in the first rod part 3. The second gear part 8 is fixedly connected to the second rod part 4 or executed integrally therewith. The backup against rotation of the second gear part 8 via the
    Anti-rotation 11, which also forms a stroke limit for the second rod part 4. The anti-rotation 11 may be formed by a simple screw, which is screwed transversely to the longitudinal axis la in the first rod part 2.
    For actuating the helical gear 6, an actuator 20 is arranged in the connecting rod 1. The actuator 20 has a vibrating element 21, which is rotatable about an axis of rotation 21a and slidably mounted in the first bar part 2 along this axis. The oscillating element 21 is designed essentially as a cylindrically shaped disk which has an eccentric center of gravity S with respect to the axis of rotation 21a. The axis of rotation 21 a is arranged coaxially to the longitudinal axis la of the connecting rod 1. The oscillating element 21 can be rotationally connected to the first gear part 7 via a mechanical first coupling element 22 and a mechanical second coupling element 23. The coupling elements 22, 23 are designed as freewheel devices, which means that they produce the rotational connection between the oscillating element 21 and the first transmission element 7 in one direction of rotation and interrupt it in the opposite direction of rotation. The first coupling element 22 formed by a first freewheel device establishes, in a first direction of rotation RI of the oscillating element 21, the rotational connection to the first gear part 7 and interrupts this rotational connection in a second direction of rotation R2 opposing the first direction of rotation RI. The formed by a second freewheel device two coupling element 23 in counteracts in the second rotational direction R2 of the vibrating element 21, the rotational connection to the first transmission part 7 and interrupts the rotational connection in a second direction of rotation R2 oppositely directed first rotational direction RI. The first coupling element 22 and the second coupling element 23 may be formed substantially mirror-inverted.
    As shown in FIGS. 2 to 8, each of the coupling elements 22, 23 has an inner ring 24, 25 and an outer ring 26, 27, as well as a locking element 28, 29 disposed between the two rings, which in one of ramp surfaces 30 a , 30b limited cavity 30 between each an inner ring 24, 25 and in each case an outer ring 26, 27 is arranged. Each of the first and second inner rings 24, 25 has first and second internal teeth 32, 33, respectively. The oscillating element 21 is arranged axially displaceably within the inner rings 24, 25. The vibrating element 21 in this case has on its cylindrical
    Outer periphery on an outer toothing 34, which corresponds to the first and second internal teeth 32, 33 of the inner rings 24, 25, as shown in FIG. 7. Each of the outer rings 26, 27 has at least one projecting carrier 26a, 27a. The first and second coupling elements 22, 23 are arranged coaxially one above the other, wherein the first carrier 26a of the first outer ring 26 engage in corresponding recesses 27b of the second outer ring 27 in a form-fitting manner. The second carrier 27a of the second outer ring 27 engage in corresponding recesses 7b of the first gear element 7 in a form-fitting manner. Thus, all outer rings 26, 27 are rotatably connected to the first gear member 7.
    As shown in FIGS. 1, 7 and 8, the oscillating element 21, with the end face 21b facing the large connecting rod eye 3, adjoins a piston 35 whose end face 34a is adjacent to a pressure chamber 36. In the pressure chamber 36 opens a pressure oil line 37 a.
    The rotation of the spindle nut 9 to cause extension or shortening of the connecting rod 1 is achieved as follows:
    Between the lower end of the spindle nut 9 facing the large connecting rod eye 3 and the lower end of the guide cylinder 5 of the first rod part 2, as seen in FIG 22, 23 arranged, which are designed as freewheel devices. Within the freewheel devices, the oscillatory vibrating element 21 is arranged, which is so movably mounted by means of a piston 35 which acts against a spring 38 along the longitudinal axis la of the connecting rod 1, that the vibrating element 21 its oscillations and thus rotational movements either on the first or the second coupling element 22, 23 transmits.
    The coupling elements 22, 23 are rotatably coupled together and also with the spindle nut 9 via the drivers 26a, 27a. Thus, the spindle nut 9 is rotated by the swing member 21 and the connecting rod 1 is extended or shortened. The freewheel devices formed by the coupling elements 22, 23 each have concentric rings, an inner ring 24, 25 and an outer ring 26, 27, which are coupled via in corresponding cavities 30 mounted locking elements 28, 29 - for example, a ball. The cavities 30 are in
    Embodiment formed by depressions on the outer peripheries of the inner rings 24, 25 and on the inner peripheries of the outer rings 26, 27. In this case, two oppositely arranged drivers 26a, 27a on the outer ring 26, 27 of each coupling element 22, 23 are provided in each case.
    The inner circumferential surface of each inner ring 24, 25 is provided with an internal toothing 32, 33. The outer circumferential surface of the oscillating element 21 is provided with an external toothing 34 which cooperates with the internal toothing 32, 33 of the first or second inner ring 24, 25.
    If the inner ring 24, 25 moves in a direction of rotation RI, R2 about the axis of rotation 21a, for example in a clockwise direction, the corresponding blocking element 28, 29 is clamped and the rotation is transmitted to the corresponding outer ring 26, 27. A rotation in the opposite direction of rotation R2, RI releases the blocking element 28, 29 and is therefore not transmitted.
    The oscillating element 21 is designed as a disk with a recess 21 c, which - viewed in a projection in the direction of the axis of rotation 21 a - occupies slightly less than half the area of a circle formed by the outer contour of the oscillating element 21. Due to this, the vibrating element 21 has a center of gravity S which is outside the center M of this circle of radius r by the value e. Due to the eccentricity e of the center of gravity S of the oscillating element 21, it is vibrated by the occurring during operation movements of the connecting rod 1 at each top dead center of the connecting rod 1 and oscillates on a circular path about the longitudinal axis la of the connecting rod. 1
    In this case acts on the vibrating element, the force F = m ω2 e and a torque M = r m co2 e, with the mass m of the vibrating element 21 and the angular velocity ω. This results in a speed of 1000 rev / min an oscillation frequency of 100 1 / s. The vibrations are transmitted via the external teeth 34 and the internal teeth 32, and 33 respectively to the respective inner ring 24 and 25 respectively. Depending on the direction of vibration, the first outer ring 26 or the second outer ring 27 rotates with or not.
    To now for two different directions of rotation RI, R2 of the coupling elements 22, 23 to achieve an extension or shortening of the connecting rod 1 - two superimposed coupling elements 22, 23 are provided, each clamp in opposite directions of rotation RI, R2: So is the first inner ring 24 of the first coupling element 22, for example, in a first direction of rotation RI moves counterclockwise, the ball forming the first blocking element 28 is clamped and the first outer ring 26 moves with. If the second inner ring 25 of the second coupling element 23 is also moved in the counterclockwise direction, however, the rotational movement is not transmitted to the second outer ring 27, since the second blocking element 29 is not clamped. The same applies to the opposite second direction of rotation R2, in which the first coupling element 22 is opened and the second coupling element 23 is closed by clamping the second blocking element 29.
    The oscillating element 21 can be displaced along the longitudinal axis la, so that the external toothing 34 of the oscillating element 21 comes into engagement either with the first internal toothing 32 of the first inner ring 24 of the first coupling element 22 or with the second internal toothing 33 of the second inner ring 25 of the second coupling element 23 ,
    The displacement is achieved on the one hand by a piston 35 which can be moved on the side of the large connecting rod 3 of the vibrating element 21 in the direction of the small connecting rod by increasing the oil pressure in the pressure chamber 36.
    On the side of the large connecting rod 3 side facing away from the piston 35 and the oscillating element 21, a spring 38 is provided which presses against shoulders 9a in the spindle nut 9 against the force of the piston 35 on the vibrating element 21. A displacement of the oscillating element 21 from the first to the second coupling element 22, 23 takes place by the inertia of the moving connecting rod 1 and the oil pressure. The return movement from the second into the first coupling element 23, 22 is effected by inertia force and spring pressure of the spring 38.
    In the position shown in Fig. 1, the lower first coupling element 22 is engaged, the oil pressure in the pressure chamber 36 from the connecting rod bearing is low and the connecting rod 1 has assumed its maximum length. The freewheel device of the first coupling element 22 transmits only that torque which acts in a connecting rod 1 extending the first rotational direction RI. The second coupling device is rotated freely. Due to the oscillating connecting rod 1 caused by the eccentric mass of the vibrating element 21 a
    Torque corresponding to the first coupling element 22 twisted. By the first and second drivers 26a, 27a, this torque is transmitted to the spindle nut 9 and the connecting rod 1 thus extended to the defined by the rotation 11 stop.
    The torque generated is speed-dependent and considerably higher than a torque achieved by a hydraulic rotary valve.
    If now the oil pressure in the pressure chamber is increased, the piston 35 presses in Fig. 1 upward in the direction of the small connecting rod and overcomes the spring force of the spring 38 - the vibrating element 21 comes with the second internal teeth 33 of the second inner ring 25 of the second coupling element 23 in intervention. The freewheel device of the second coupling element 23 locks in a direction of rotation R2 which is opposite to the blocking direction of rotation RI of the first coupling element 22. Thus, the spindle nut 9 is rotated in the opposite direction and the connecting rod 1 is shortened.
    9 to 11 show an embodiment variant of the invention in which a temperature-sensitive flow control element 39 is arranged in the area of the pressure oil line 37, which blocks the pressure oil line 37 during a cold start (FIG. 10) and releases again from a defined operating temperature (FIG. 11). , As a result, a shortening of the connecting rod 1 can be prevented in a cold start. The temperature-sensitive flow control element 39 can have an expansion element 40, for example with wax as expansion material, which displaces a rod-shaped valve body 41 against the force of a restoring spring 42 transversely to the pressure oil line 37. The valve body 41 has, for example, an annular groove 42 which, in the release position shown in FIG. 11, allows the flow through the pressure oil line 37.
    With the solution described a length adjustment is unaffected by centrifugal forces and without complex hydraulic possible. In addition, the structure is relatively simple and it can be realized rapid adjustments of the connecting rod length of the connecting rod 1, since a higher torque is transferable.
    权利要求:
    Claims (12)
    [1]
    1. Length-adjustable connecting rod (1) for a reciprocating engine, in particular for an internal combustion engine, with at least a first rod part (2) and a second rod part (4), which two rod parts (2, 4) relative to each other helical gear (6) in the direction of The longitudinal axis (la) of the connecting rod (1) are displaceable, wherein the helical gear (6) at least a first gear part (7) and with the first gear part (7) in engagement second gear part (8), wherein the first gear part (7 ) as a spindle nut (9) or threaded spindle (10) and the second gear part (8) as a threaded spindle (10) or as a spindle nut (9), characterized in that the helical gear (6) via at least one at least one vibrating element ( 21) having actuator (20) is actuated, wherein the oscillating element (21) about a rotation axis (21 a) rotatably mounted in the first rod part (2) and wherein the vibrating element (21) with the first Ge drive part (7) is drehverbindbar.
    [2]
    Second connecting rod (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the oscillating element (21) via at least one preferably mechanical first coupling element (22) with the first transmission part (7) is drehverbindbar, wherein preferably the first coupling element (22) by a first Freewheel device is formed, which in a first rotational direction (RI) of the vibrating element (21) produces the rotational connection to the first gear part (7) and in one of the first rotational direction (RI) opposite to the second rotational direction (R2) interrupts.
    [3]
    3. connecting rod (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the oscillating element (21) via at least one preferably mechanical second coupling element (23) with the first transmission part (7) is drehverbindbar, preferably wherein the second coupling element (23) a second freewheel device is formed, which in a second rotational direction (R2) of the oscillating element (21) produces the rotational connection to the first gear part (7) and interrupts in a direction of rotation (R2) opposite to the first rotational direction (RI).
    [4]
    4. connecting rod (1) according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the oscillating element (21) on its substantially cylindrical outer periphery an external toothing (34) which with one on an inner circumference of the first and / or second coupling element ( 22, 23) arranged first and second internal toothing (32, 33) corresponds.
    [5]
    5. Connecting rod (1) according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the oscillating element (21) in the direction of its axis of rotation (21 a) is displaceably mounted.
    [6]
    6. connecting rod (1) according to claims 5, characterized in that the external toothing (34) of the vibrating element (21) by axial displacement of the vibrating element (21) alternatively with the first internal toothing (32) or the second internal toothing (33) can be brought into meshing engagement is.
    [7]
    7. connecting rod (1) according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the actuator (20) connected to the vibrating element (21) on an end face (21b) or integral with this piston (35) which on a pressure chamber (36) adjoins, opens into the at least one pressure oil line (37), wherein the piston (35) preferably against a restoring force - by increasing the pressure in the pressure chamber (36) is deflectable.
    [8]
    8. connecting rod (1) according to claims 7, characterized in that in the pressure oil line (37), a temperature-sensitive flow control element (39) is arranged.
    [9]
    9. connecting rod (1) according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the oscillating element (21) has an eccentric center of gravity (S) with respect to its axis of rotation (21 a).
    [10]
    10. connecting rod (1) according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the axis of rotation (21a) of the oscillating element (21) is formed coaxially with the longitudinal axis (la) of the connecting rod (1).
    [11]
    11. Connecting rod (1) according to one of claims 2 to 10, characterized in that at least one coupling element (22, 23) has a first or second toothing (32, 33) supporting the inner ring (24, 25) and an outer ring (26 , 27), which is rotatably connected to the first transmission element (7), wherein inner ring (24, 25) and outer ring (26, 27) are rotatably mounted relative to each other in the first and second rotational direction (RI, R2), wherein Preferably, the outer rings (26, 27) of the two coupling elements (22, 23) are rotatably connected with each other.
    [12]
    12. connecting rod (1) according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the helical gear (6) is self-locking.
    类似技术:
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    DE102016215279A1|2017-02-16|
    AT517100B1|2016-11-15|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    CN110799739A|2017-04-10|2020-02-14|伊威斯发动机系统有限责任两合公司|Length-adjustable connecting rod having a cylinder-piston unit with an anti-rotation part|
    US10669930B2|2015-08-10|2020-06-02|Avl List Gmbh|Reciprocating piston machine comprising a length adjustable connecting rod and an inductively actuatable control valve|
    US10738690B2|2016-07-06|2020-08-11|Avl List Gmbh|Connecting rod having an adjustable connecting rod length with a mechanical actuating means|
    US10876474B2|2016-05-31|2020-12-29|Avl List Gmbh|Length-adjustable connecting rod, device for setting a compression ratio and internal combustion engine|
    US10954849B2|2015-12-14|2021-03-23|Avl List Gmbh|Length-adjustable connecting rod with electromagnetically-actuatable switching valve|
    US11066987B2|2017-02-24|2021-07-20|Avl List Gmbh|Method for operating a reciprocating piston machine having at least one piston rod that is hydraulically adjustable in length|GB441666A|1934-05-25|1936-01-23|Louis De Monge|Improvements in or relating to means for varying the cylinder clearance in internal combustion engines|
    DE4226361C2|1992-08-10|1996-04-04|Alex Zimmer|Internal combustion engine|
    US5406911A|1993-08-12|1995-04-18|Hefley; Carl D.|Cam-on-crankshaft operated variable displacement engine|
    US20060243227A1|2005-04-28|2006-11-02|Greve Christopher G|Variable-compression engine|DE102017108888A1|2017-04-26|2018-10-31|Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG|Connecting rod of a reciprocating engine|
    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    ATA50723/2015A|AT517100B1|2015-08-14|2015-08-14|LENGTH-ADJUSTABLE CONNECTING ROD|ATA50723/2015A| AT517100B1|2015-08-14|2015-08-14|LENGTH-ADJUSTABLE CONNECTING ROD|
    DE102016215279.3A| DE102016215279A1|2015-08-14|2016-08-16|Length adjustable connecting rod|
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